The report was prepared within the framework of the project Albatros II – MENA – Countering Disinformation and Information Threats Targeting Democratic Values and Institutions, Damaging International Relations, and Negatively Affecting the Image of Poland in Lebanon, Iraq, and Egypt. Assessment of the Impact of Disinformation and Propaganda on MENA Societies — Report, Defence Strategies, and Implementation of Recommendations.

This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the Lebanese information environment and the political-economic context, taking into account key regional and international conditions. The study consists of ten chapters, discussing, among other issues, the structure of traditional media (television, press, radio) and modern media (online media, social media), the role of non-governmental organisations and non-state actors in shaping public opinion, as well as the influence of enterprises and corporations on content distribution. An important element of the report is the overview of the information habits of Lebanese society and the analysis of social and psychological vulnerabilities, particularly in the context of religious-sectarian divisions and political instability.

In the subsequent parts of the report, attention is focused on observing and assessing manipulative mechanisms and propaganda narratives employed by various domestic and external actors (including Russian and Chinese), both in relation to Lebanese society as a whole and concerning selected issues, such as the perception of the West or Poland. The case study included in the final chapters makes it possible to understand how narratives destabilising Lebanon’s socio-political situation are constructed and reinforced. The report is complemented by recommendations concerning possible forms of countering disinformation and manipulation, particularly at a time of ongoing military tensions in the region and a deep economic crisis.

The information and analyses presented in the report indicate that the situation in Lebanon is characterised by a high level of instability, both politically and socio-economically. The observed dynamics of the conflict on the southern border, the involvement of various external actors, and the lack of internal reforms significantly hinder the functioning of the state, while control over information flows is often subject to the influence of regional and global players. As a result, sectarian attitudes are strengthened, conspiracy theories spread, and aggressive rhetoric towards political opponents and minorities escalates.

The analysis of the Lebanese information environment conducted across the individual chapters constitutes an important knowledge base for both decision-makers and observers engaged in regional affairs. Understanding the mechanisms of propaganda influence and identifying socio-cultural and political vulnerabilities in Lebanon is key to designing effective strategies to counter disinformation and manipulation. The report may also serve as a starting point for further analyses in the context of the ongoing political and security crisis and the growing economic challenges in a country that has, for decades, played a significant role on the map of the Middle East.